International reports on early childhood education and care tend to attach increasing importance to workforce profiles. Yet a study of 15 European countries reveals that large numbers of (assistant) staff remain invisible in most international reports. As part of the CoRe project (Competence Requirements in Early Childhood Education and Care) we conducted a cross-national survey among experts in Belgium (Flemish- and French-speaking communities), Croatia, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the UK (England and Wales). The survey explored professional and training profiles not only for formal ‘teaching’ staff, but also for the entire workforce, making visible the assistants who are often omitted from international reports. The proportion of assistant staff varies from a very small percentage in some European countries to half of the entire workforce in many others. Whereas job profiles for higher qualified staff often focus on ‘education’, profiles for assistants typically focus on ‘care’. Consequently a divide between care and education can be observed, both in split systems and in integrated systems. In these cases, the concept of ‘education’ may be narrowed down to schoolified learning and ‘care’ may be regarded as subordinate to education. In several cases, assistants also have less entitlement to ongoing professionalisation than educational staff. Consequences of the findings for practice as well as policy are discussed. 相似文献
The purpose of this study was to investigate the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the Flemish Physical Activity Computerized Questionnaire (FPACQ) in employed/unemployed and retired people. The FPACQ was developed to assess detailed information on several dimensions of physical activity and sedentary behavior over a usual week. A triaxial accelerometer, the RT3 Triaxial Research Tracker (RT3), in combination with a written 7-day activity record, was used as the objective criterion measure. In employed/unemployed people, 2-week test-retest reliability for several activity variables calculated from the FPACQ was good to excellent with intraclass correlations (ICCs) ranging from .67 to .99. In retired people ICCs were lower but, except for time spent eating, still fair to excellent, ranging from .57 to .96. Except for time spent in leisure time activities for men and the average energy expenditure related to sports participation in women, correlations between the RT3 and the FPACQ generally supported the relative validity of the FPACQ for employed/unemployed people (r ranging from .37 to .88). Values for retired people were somewhat lower (r ranging from .15 to .85), but most variables still reached at least moderate correlations. Concerning absolute validity, the FPACQ generally overestimated physical activity and underestimated sedentary behavior compared to the RT3. From this study, it can be concluded that the FPACQ is a reliable and reasonably valid questionnaire for assessing different dimensions of physical activity and sedentary behavior. 相似文献
Longitudinal studies provide unique opportunities but are also faced with several limitations. The purpose of this study was to document three of these issues ("imperfect" design, evolution of data collection methods, representativeness) by means of the Leuven Longitudinal Study on Lifestyle, Fitness and Health (LLSLFH). The LLSLFH (1969 - 2004) comprises observations on males between 12 and 18 years and at 30, 35, 40, and 47 years, and on females at 16 and 40 years. In the most recent phase of the study, spouses and offspring were also included. The different phases and evolving research questions throughout the LLSLFH required an appropriate adaptation of the research design. The associated evolution of data collection methods largely reflects the changing ideas about physical fitness, body composition, and physical activity, the continuing search for new and better measurement techniques, and the need for adaptations with age. Ongoing study participants are representative in terms of body composition and, except for adolescence in males, also physical activity. No straightforward answer can be given concerning physical fitness. In both sexes, socio-economic status is above average. When informed about the possible "pitfalls" of longitudinal research in advance, several measures could be taken to prevent or limit them as much as possible. 相似文献
Research Findings: High-quality caregiver–child interactions constitute the core of high-quality child care for young children. This article describes the background and development of the Caregiver Interaction Profile (CIP) scales to rate 6 key skills of caregivers for interacting with 0- to 4-year-old children in child care centers: sensitive responsiveness, respect for autonomy, structuring and limit setting, verbal communication, developmental stimulation, and fostering positive peer interactions. Each interactive skill is rated on a 7-point scale based on observation of video-recorded caregiver–child interactions. Together, the 6 scale scores constitute an Interaction Profile for individual caregivers that may serve as a starting point for education and training to improve the quality of caregiver–child interactions. This article also presents the results of a 1st study with the CIP scales, in a sample of 145 caregivers from 75 child care groups in 47 child care centers in The Netherlands. Practice or Policy: Results provide promising preliminary evidence supporting the reliability and validity of the CIP scales. 相似文献
This study investigated the effects of two contrasting learning environments on students’ course experiences: a lecture-based
setting to a student-activating teaching environment. In addition, the evaluative treatment involved five research conditions
that went together with one of four assessment modes, namely, portfolio, case-based, peer assessment, and multiple-choice
testing. Data (N = 608) were collected using the Course Experience Questionnaire. Results showed that the instructional intervention (i.e.
lectures versus student-activating treatment) influenced students’ course experiences, but in the opposite direction to that
expected. In declining order, the following scales (5 out of 7) revealed statistically significant differences: Clear Goals
and Standards; the General scale; Appropriate Workload; Good Teaching; and Independence. Moreover, when the assessment mode
was considered, also the Appropriate Assessment scale demonstrated significant differences between the five research conditions.
Moreover, the same teaching/learning environments led to diverse students’ perceptions. While the perceptions of lecture-taught
students were focused and concordantly positive, students’ course experiences with student-activating methods were widely
varied and both extremely positive and negative opinions were present. Students’ arguments in favour of the activating setting
were the variety of teaching methods, the challenging and active nature of the assignments and the joys of collaborative work
in teams, whereas students expressed dissatisfaction with the perceived lack of learning gains, the associated time pressure
and workloads, and the (exclusive) use of collaborative assignments and related group difficulties. 相似文献
The use of student-centred learning environments in education has increased. This study investigated student teachers’ instructional preferences for these learning environments and how these preferences are related to their approaches to learning. Participants were professional Bachelor students in teacher education. Instructional preferences and approaches to learning were measured by means of questionnaires. Results showed that most students preferred teacher direction, cooperative learning and knowledge construction, and adopted a deep approach. Moreover, significant correlations were found between approaches to learning and instructional preferences. Students adopting a deep approach preferred knowledge construction and cooperative learning, while students adopting a surface approach had a preference for teacher direction and passive learning. 相似文献
This study focused on the relationships between experiences with portfolio assessment, students’ approaches to learning and their assessment preferences by means of a pre- and post-test design in an authentic class setting. The participants were 138 first-year professional bachelor’s degree students in office management. They were assessed by means of portfolio assessment in a course that combined constructivist design principles and lectures. Approaches to learning and assessment preferences were measured by means of the Revised Two-Factor Study Process Questionnaire and the Assessment Preferences Inventory. Results showed that students’ preferences for student participation in examination and for permanent evaluation decreased significantly. Moreover, deep approaches were not enhanced. On the contrary, surface learning increased significantly. Notwithstanding, the surface approach proved to be a significant negative predictor of the portfolio assessment score. 相似文献
Recently, many insights have been gained into how to create powerful learning environments. The goal of learning how to teach in this way has important consequences for teacher training. Firstly, scholars indicate the necessity to work out a theoretical framework for the student‐teachers which is sufficiently complete, but still manageable, and which is operationalised into concrete educational approaches. The current article presents such a framework, based on a literature study. Key teaching activities were described by means of 13 dimensions. Aiming at a gradually more complex model for use in teacher education, these dimensions were summarized in a model with four interconnected main dimensions. Possible conflicts between the instructional activities of the four main dimensions were indicated. Teachers have to search for appropriate balances within these dilemmas. The whole is conceptualized as an ‘equilibrium model for creating powerful learning environments’. Secondly, based on this framework, instruments could be constructed which facilitate research into approaches within teacher training which encourage learning how to teach in this way. A questionnaire to evaluate the degree of creating powerful learning environments during internships was, therefore, constructed and validated. Analyses indicate a suitable degree of reliability and validity. Furthermore, a confirmatory factor analysis indicates that the assumed theoretical structure was reflected by the experimental data.
Récemment, nos connaissances au sujet de la création d'environnements d'apprentissage puissants se sont largement développées. L'objectif d'apprendre à enseigner de cette façon a d'importantes conséquences pour la formation des enseignants. En premier lieu, les professeurs spécialisés insistent sur la nécessité de réaliser un encadrement théorique pour les enseignants en formation qui soit suffisamment complet, mais encore flexible, et qui se traduise opération‐nellement en approches éducationnelles concrètes. Cet article présente une structure d'encadrement, sur base d'une étude de la littérature. Les activités fondamentales d'enseignement ont été décrites en utilisant 13 dimensions. Dans le but de construire un modèle graduellement plus complexe dans l'éducation de l'enseignant, ces dimensions ont été résumées dans un modèle avec quatre dimensions principales interconnectées. Des conflits possibles entre les activités d'enseignement des quatre dimensions principales ont été identifiés. Les enseignants doivent rechercher des balances appropriées entre ces dilemmes. L'ensemble est conçu comme un ‘modèle d'équilibre pour créer des environnements d'apprentissage puissants’. En second lieu, sur base de cet encadrement, des moyens pourraient être mis en place pour faciliter la recherche dans les approches de la formation des enseignants pour encourager une manière d'enseigner appropriée. En conséquence, un questionnaire a été élaboré et validé pour évaluer le niveau de création d'environnements d'apprentissage puissants pendant les stages de formation. Les analyses montrent un degré approprié de confiance et de validité. De plus, une analyse factorielle confirmatoire montre que la structure théorique supposée est confirmée par les résultats expérimentaux.
Recientemente hemos ganado criterio en la creación de entornos de aprendizaje fuertes. Aprender como enseñar de esta manera tiene consecuencias importantes para el entrenamiento de profesores. En primer lugar investigadores indican que es necesario que se elabore una teoría bastante completa, pero realizable para los profesores estudiantes tambien, y convertido en actividades concretas de enseñanza. El artículo actual representa tal marco, basado en un estudio literario. Actividades clave de enseñanza se describen en 13 dimensiones. Para llegar a un modelo gradualmente más complejo que se utiliza en la educación de profesores, hemos resumido estas dimensiones en un modelo con cuatro dimensiones principales interconectadas. Conflictos posibles se indicaban entre las actividades de instrucción de las diferentes dimensiones (principales). Profesores tienen que buscar un equilibrio apropiado dentro de estos dilemas. Como concepto global podemos hablar de ‘un modelo equilibrio para crear entornos de aprendizaje fuertes’. En segundo lugar podríamos construir instrumentos basados en este teoría, que facilitan el estudio de planteamientos en el entrenamiento de profesores que pueden estimular a aprender como debe enseñar de esta manera. Por eso, hemos construido y validado un cuestionario que evalúa la creación de entornos de aprendizaje fuertes durante clases de práctica. Análisis indican que hay bastante fiabilidad y validez. Además un análisis factorial consolidado indica que la estructura teórica supuesta se apoya en datos experimentales.
In letzter Zeit sind viele Untersuchungen bezüglich der Kreation erfolgreicher Lernumgebungen gemacht worden und neue Erkenntnisse gewonnen worden. Das Ziel, um diese Untersuchungen in der Wirklichkeit umzusetzen, hat wichtige Folgen für das Trainingprogramm des Lehrers. An erster Stelle weisen Forscher auf die Notwendigkeit eines vollständigen theoretischen, aber für die Studente jedoch noch immer verständlichen, Rahmen auszuarbeiten, der in deutlich fassbare didaktische Vorgehensweisen umgesetz wird. In dem nachstehenden Artikel wird einen solchen Rahmen, basiert auf eine literarische Studie, beschrieben. Die wichtigsten Aktivitäten eines Lehrers werden in 13 Dimensionen beschrieben. Ziel ist um schrittstufenweise einen mehr komplizierten Modell in Lehrerprogramme zu verwenden; die 13 Dimensionen sind daher in einem Modell mit 4 gegenseitig zusammenhangenden Hauptdimensionen zusammengefasst worden. Mögliche Gegensätze zwischen den didaktischen Aktivitäten der unterschiedlichen Hauptdimensionen wurden angedeutet. Zukünftige Lehrer haben als Aufgabe ein Gleichgewicht zwischen diesen Dilemmen zu finden. Das Ganze wird als ‘ein balanziertes Modell für die Entwicklung erfolgreicher Lernumgebungen’ konzeptualisiert. Mit dieser Theorie in Gedanken können Untersuchungsinstrumente entwickelt werden, die nachweisen, wie ein bestimmtes Verfahren im Lehrerpprogramm die Studente motiviert, um in dieser Weise Unterricht zu erteilen. Es wurde ein Fragebogen aufgearbeitet und validiert, um den Grad in der Entwicklung erfolgreicher Lernumgebungen während eines Lehrerpraktikums zu evaluieren. Verschiedene Analysen haben eine ausreichende Zuverlässigkeit und Validität nachgewiesen. Weiterhin hat eine bestätigende Faktoranalyse nachgewiesen, dass der vorausgesetzte theoretische Struktur durch experimentelle Daten wiedergegeben war. 相似文献
